The BDI-II is user-friendly; it is easy to administer and score. The comparison continues in a sequential increasing order (from i-1 and proceeding in order) until the first nonrejection. Pearson Assessments. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Cardemil, E.V., Kim, S., Pinedo, T.M., & Miller, I.W. Results are summarized in Table 2. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. References. These are clearly affected by the person, the person's world and the future. In addition, Beck's theory is based on a triad that encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences. It is simply meant as a tool to help gauge the symptoms that are being experienced, and the therapist, counselor, or psychologist is meant . Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). Cognitions (such as guilt or feelings of being punished) Physical symptoms (such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). (1961). Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 195-202. Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. 0 I do not feel sad. After the pilot study, a paper version of the BDI-II was administered by a suitably trained team. It was also found that the therapy was more successful than drug therapy and had a lower relapse rate, supporting the proposition that depression has a cognitive basis. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/es/, http://www.pearsonpsychcorp.es/archivos/13373230291.pdf. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. (2005) factor analyzed data from a low-income African American outpatient sample. The BDI was developed by Aaron T. Beck and Colleagues in 1961 and he believed that negative cognitive . For the purpose of providing validity evidence with external variables, the BDI-II scores of the general population (N = 797) and the hospital population (N = 243) were compared, using Student's t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction (Table 3). Some people may underestimate their level of distress, while others may exaggerate their symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. (2005). Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. 2020;10(1):108. The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. Because the items in the BAI describe the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety but not depression, it can . Author. Cons: 1. Although buying in bulk is great for saving you money, if you have only just set up your store then you may not have the money to buy stock until a customer makes an order. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. 808 certified writers online. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. Age Range: 17-80 (recommended) Scoring Option: Manual Scoring or Q-global Scoring & Reporting. Scores >10 generally meet the threshold for a diagnosis of depression. For the BDI-II, a score of 10 to 18 indicates mild depression, and 30 or above indicates severe depression. Bryant, R.A., Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., & Nixon, R.D.V. They gave an overview of Beck's ideas: "Individuals who are depressed misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative fashion, limiting their focus to the negative aspects . The 21-item BDI was built by Beck and colleagues in 1961 at the Center for Cognitive Therapy (Beck et al., 1961) for use in cognitive psychotherapy to rate the presence of depression-related cognitive distortion.The original version has received several reformulations to improve clinical and research needs. Sprinkle et al. Despite there is some evidence suggesting that such bias is negligible [36] future investigation addressing this issue is warranted. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Krefetz, D.G., Steer, R.A., Gulab, N.A., & Beck, A.T. (2002). 2000;57(3):217-222. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.217, Wang FM, Davis MF, Briggs FB. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. It takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth-sixth-grade reading level to adequately understand the questions. Notwithstanding the implications aforementioned, the current study has a number of limitations that should be mentioned. By latest estimates from the WHO, there are about 300 million people living with depression worldwide. Questionnaires and other measures are provided here solely as a courtesy to accompany our scoring code. Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.87. Sanz, Perdign, & Vsquez (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults. Moreover, despite that cultural convergence is being accelerated due to increased globalization [39] and that major depression has been reported worldwide [40] there are considerable cross-cultural differences in the symptomatology of depression [41]. PMID: 32962793; PMCID: PMC7681155. Encephale, 20, 311-317. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. Allen S. Scoring the Beck Depression Inventory. This finding differs from common findings indicating that the affective factor should be subsumed by the cognitive [17,18,58] or the somatic factor [5,10,59,60]. Yeung, A., Howarth, S., Chan, R., Sonawalla, S., Nierenberg, A., & Fava, M. (2002). Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, G.N., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition1 is a popular self-report measure of depression. Results have consistently shown good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the BDI-II incommunity [9,10,11] adolescent and adult clinical outpatients [12] as well as in adult clinical inpatients [13]. The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents. 1. Carmody (2005) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with a diverse group of college students. The results of the tool are determined by the sum of the ratings, creating a score that ranges anywhere from 0 to 63. The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). Interpretation. Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 381-385. The Beck Depression Inventory BDI is a 21-question, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. Clinica y Salud, 14(3), 249-280. Description of Measure: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression (Beck, et al., 1961). This is a copyrighted measure. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. Cole, J.C., Grossman, I., Prillman, C., & Hunsaker, E. (2003). In these models, an orthogonal general factor called depression was tested along with the specific proposed factors. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. They found good internal consistency (alpha=.92), and using confirmatory factor analysis, identified two first-order depression factors and one second-order general depression factor, similar to what has been reported in other samples. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. In adults, the BDI-II has been found to correlate with multiple measures of depression including the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Revised Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Introduction to the Beck Depression Inventory II. No, Is the Subject Area "Cross-cultural studies" applicable to this article? The Beck Depression Inventory A study done by Boury et al. [13] compared a unidimensional model, three alternative two-factor models and three bifactor models including an independent general depression factor and specific factors. The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. Here are some of the limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory: The BDI has good reliability and validity. Content and Use of the Beck Depression Inventory A. The nine items of the PHQ-9 are based directly on the nine diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 120-132. Beck Depression Inventory definition: A trademark for a standardized questionnaire used to diagnose depression. View PDF. A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. The cut-off points of values greater than .95 reported by Hu and Bentler [48] and Joreskog and Sorboms [49] were used for the CFI and GFI indices in order to consider an optimal fit, and greater than .90 for an acceptable fit. In general, neither the unidimensional model nor the one, two and three factor models reached acceptable fit indices. Dr. Beck and his colleagues found that the BDI had good reliability and validity. Fourth, it has been suggested that bifactor models are more robust to model misspecification (e.g., substantive cross-loadings) than multidimensional or hierarchical CFA models [64] which may result in bias in favor of bifactor models and, consequently, to explain why such measurement models outperform conventional CFA models. A PsychInfo search (6/05) for "Beck Depression Inventory" or BAI anywhere revealed that the BDI has been referenced in 9,013 peer-reviewed journal articles. (2003). Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II for Hong Kong community adolescents. Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. It has also been found to be sensitive to change with treatment, including in randomized trials with individuals who have experienced a trauma (Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie & Nixon, 2005) and those diagnosed PTSD (Ehlers et al., 2005). The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. Eur Psychiatry. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression.